This can take several forms. But all of them are
designed to provide a base for Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter species of "good"
bacteria to grow. These bacteria are found naturally in seawater.
They use the ammonia excreted by fish and many invertebrates as a food source,
creating first nitrite and finally nitrate as their own "waste".
Ammonia, if left to accumulate, is highly toxic to nearly all marine life.
This filtration using biology is absolutely critical to the functioning of a
marine aquarium.
The most common biological filter these days are
"wet/dry" filters. These use a plastic media like Bioballs to provide a
base for the bacteria to grow, while seawater is dripped or sprayed over them.
There are a variety of other media like Biorings, Biomech, Kaldness Media,
biomesh, ceramic cylinders, all of which provide useful platforms for the good
bacteria to grow. Older style undergravel filters provided the same
function. But they require more maintenance to prevent clogging from
silt and debris.
We do not recommend the use of only live rock or live sand as
your only form of biological filtration. Although both provide a
substrate for the good bacteria, it is usually not enough to handle unusual
events like overfeeding or a dead coral.